When Ties to a Parent Are Cut by the Other

CreditโฆSylwia Kapuscinski for The New York Times
By Michael Winerip
Sept. 23, 2007
THIS is a nice moment in Joe Rabiegaโs life. At 31, he has a good job as a research coordinator for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is happily married and feels blessed that his wife of five years, Tiffany, is pregnant with their first child.
His hope is to give that child a happier upbringing than the one he had. Mr. Rabiegaโs parents divorced when he was 8, and though they were supposed to share custody, he said, his father, a truck driver with a drinking problem, did everything possible to turn him against his mother and eventually kept him from seeing her.
โHe bullied my mother into giving up custody,โ Mr. Rabiega said. When he was still allowed to visit his mother, heโd have to stay by the phone to take a call from his father at 4 every afternoon and 8 each evening. He said his father trained him to spy on his motherโs socializing and spending habits.
โHis ability to manipulate her was so lopsided, it never got to the point where a court heard it,โ he said in a phone interview. โHis threats of violence made it clear sheโd never get me.โ
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For several years, he said, until his late teens, he didnโt see his mother and believed everything his father said about her.
โHe took me to the police station and told them my mother abandoned me, even though it was completely not true,โ
Mr. Rabiega said. โHe had the entire neighborhood convinced that my mother no longer wanted me.
โHe had me convinced without him, I had nobody,โ Mr. Rabiega said. โWhen heโd been drinking, heโd get out his gun and threaten to kill himself if I left him.โ
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It wasnโt until Mr. Rabiega was an adult that he began to see his mother in a different light, he said. โShe was a seamstress in a garment factory who didnโt graduate from high school. She was weak, no one to guide her, no money, no education, no resources to fight for me.โ At one point, he said, she attempted suicide.
Mr. Rabiega is one of 40 research subjects in a new book by Amy J. L. Baker, about parents who turn a child against the other parent, โAdult Children of Parental Alienation Syndrome.โ Dr. Baker, the research director of the Vincent J. Fontana Center for Child Protection at the New York Foundling, does not identify the subjects by their real names, but Mr. Rabiega (called Jonah in the book) agreed to let his name be used for this column. โIf this can help people, itโs worth it,โ he said. โI really compare what I went through to people who are kidnapped and brainwashed.โ
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Most people would agree that one parent has the power to turn a child against the other parent; however, classifying the behavior as a mental health syndrome, as Dr. Baker does, has met with considerable criticism in the past.
โItโs been a very controversial area,โ said Dr. Baker, 48, who lives in Teaneck, N.J., and has a doctorate in psychology from Teachers College at Columbia.
Dr. Bakerโs book is written in an academic style and sticks closely to the stories of the 40 adult subjects, ages 19 to 67, who describe being wrongfully manipulated by a parent.
It is an attempt to take the sensationalism out of the subject. Accusations of such manipulation have been an issue during high-profile celebrity custody battles, like the ones involving Woody Allen and Mia Farrow and Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger.
There is none of that in Dr. Bakerโs book, which includes a seven-page bibliography of scholarly research. Instead, she tells the stories of ordinary people like Mr. Rabiega, struggling into their adult years with the damage they describe from having been manipulated into hating a parent.
While most research has focused on children, Dr. Baker looks at these children once theyโve become adults. A key question she set out to answer: Do any of these kids grow up and figure it out? โThat I can answer yes,โ she said. โI canโt say how prevalent it is, but I have found lots of people.โ
Some of what she found undercut earlier research. When therapists first described the behavior in the 1980s, they talked about it as manipulation by mothers to punish fathers. This drew criticism from some womenโs groups, who dismissed the syndrome as something concocted by lawyers for abusive fathers trying to improve their custody chances.
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Dr. Baker said her research โ both for the book and with several hundred subjects over the last five years โ indicates a mother or father is equally likely to do the manipulating. It is โtruly 50-50,โ she said.
Other patterns emerged from her 40 subjects: 75 percent were the products of divorce, and 58 percent were divorced themselves;
70 percent suffered depression; 35 percent developed problems with drugs or alcohol.
And perhaps the saddest: Half of the 28 who had children said they were estranged from their own children.
Dr. Baker believes the behavior is prevalent enough to qualify as a syndrome in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the bible of the American Psychiatric Association. While thatโs not going to happen soon โ the manual wonโt be revised again until 2012 โ she hopes her research might cause social workers and therapists who investigate custody cases to be more aware.
โIf you believe itโs possible for a child to be brainwashed by one parent, the job of a custody evaluator is a lot harder,โ she said.
The challenges in such cases can be daunting. How do you know if the scorned parent is being unfairly victimized or if that parent is abusive and deserves to be scorned? โItโs a lot of investigating, and thereโs no one definitive tool,โ Dr. Baker said.
Some of that investigative muscle is missing from her own research. Dr. Baker did not interview parents for their version of events, nor did she cite independent sources like court records that could corroborate the stories.
โI did what I could,โ she said. โThis is just one study. Itโs a very new field and thereโs little research. The point is to give voice to these people who have not been heard.โ
It is also hard to get people to talk publicly about family dysfunction. Mr. Rabiega was willing to speak partly because both his parents are dead.
He said that when he was in his 20s, he again developed a relationship with his mother, but that his fatherโs โbrainwashingโ had been so strong, he couldnโt entirely overcome it.
โIt was hard for me to fully love my mom,โ he said. โIf she needed me to do something or needed money, I didnโt want to and Iโd get angry. My father implanted a disgust and disdain in me for my mother that wouldnโt go away and tainted our relationship.โ
Ten years of therapy helped, he said, as did his wife and finding religion. โIt helped when I reconnected with my mom, she held nothing against me,โ he said. โShe reiterated it was my fatherโs fault, and I had no choice.โ
โUnfortunately,โ he said, โI realized a lot after my mother died.”
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